Lithium niobate electro-optical phase modulator(lithium niobate modulator) i runga i te titanium diffusion process has the features of low inserting loss, high modulation bandwidth, low half wave voltage, high damage optical power, etc. te mana o te tangi i roto i nga punaha whakawhitiwhiti korero tere-tere, te nekehanga o te wahanga i roto i nga punaha whakawhitiwhiti korero, te whakatipuranga o nga taha taha i roto i nga punaha ROF, me te whakahekenga o te marara Brillouin (SBS) i roto i nga punaha whakawhitiwhiti korero muka.