Me pēhea te whakaiti i te haruru o ngā taputapu whakaahua

Me pēhea te whakaiti i te haruru o ngā taputapu whakaahua

Ko te haruru o ngā taputapu whakaahua ko: te haruru o te au, te haruru wera, te haruru pupuhi, te haruru 1/f me te haruru whānui, me ētahi atu. He whakarōpūtanga noa iho tēnei. I tēnei wā, ka whakaurua e mātou ngā āhuatanga haruru me ngā whakarōpūtanga taipitopito hei āwhina i te katoa kia mārama ake ki te pānga o ngā momo haruru ki ngā tohu putanga o ngā taputapu whakaahua. Mā te mārama ki ngā pūtake o te haruru ka taea e tātou te whakaiti me te whakapai ake i te haruru o ngā taputapu whakaahua, ā, ka pai ake te ōwehenga tohu-ki-haruru o te pūnaha.

Ko te haruru pupuhi he rerekētanga matapōkere i puta mai i te āhua motuhake o ngā kaikawe utu. Ina koa i roto i te pānga whakaahua-hiko, ina pā ngā photon ki ngā wāhanga whakaahua-tairongo hei whakaputa irahiko, ka matapōkere te whakaputanga o ēnei irahiko, ā, ka rite ki te tohatoha Poisson. He papatahi ngā āhuatanga ā-ira o te haruru pupuhi, ā, kāore e pā ki te nui o te auau, nō reira ka kiia hoki he haruru mā. Whakaahuatanga pāngarau: Ka taea te whakaatu i te uara pūtake toharite tapawhā (RMS) o te haruru pupuhi penei:

I roto i a rātou:

e: Utu hiko (tata ki te 1.6 × 10-19 coulomb)

Idark: Au pōuri

Δf: Whānuitanga o te aratuku

He rite te haruru pupuhi ki te nui o te iahiko, ā, he pumau i ngā auau katoa. I roto i te tātai, ko Idark te tohu o te iahiko pōuri o te photodiode. Arā, i te korenga o te māramatanga, he haruru iahiko pōuri kāore e hiahiatia ana i te photodiode. I te mea ko te haruru ā-roto kei te pito o mua o te photodetector, ko te nui ake o te iahiko pōuri, ko te nui ake o te haruru o te photodetector. Ka pāngia hoki te iahiko pōuri e te ngaohiko whakahaere pīanga o te photodiode, arā, ko te nui ake o te ngaohiko whakahaere pīanga, ko te nui ake o te iahiko pōuri. Heoi, ka pāngia hoki te ngaohiko mahi pīanga e te kaha hononga o te photodetector, ā, ka pā ki te tere me te whānui o te photodetector. Heoi anō, ko te nui ake o te ngaohiko pīanga, ko te nui ake o te tere me te whānui. Nō reira, e pā ana ki te haruru pupuhi, te iahiko pōuri me te mahi whānui o ngā photodiode, me mahi te hoahoa whaitake kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga o te kaupapa.

2. 1/f Haruru Kīrori

Ko te haruru 1/f, e mōhiotia ana ko te haruru kanapa, ka puta i te whānuitanga auau-iti, ā, e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te hapa o ngā rauemi, te ma o te mata rānei. Mai i tana hoahoa āhuatanga hihi, ka kitea he iti ake te kiato hihi mana i te whānuitanga auau-tiketike i te whānuitanga auau-iti, ā, mō ia 100 wā ka piki ake te auau, ka heke te haruru kiato hihi mā te 10 wā. Ko te kiato hihi mana o te haruru 1/f he rite whakamuri ki te auau, arā:

I roto i a rātou:

SI(f) : Te kaha haruru o te kaha o te haruru

Ahau: Ināianei

f: Auautanga

He nui te haruru 1/f i te awhe auau-iti, ā, ka ngoikore haere i te pikinga ake o te auau. Nā tēnei āhuatanga ka waiho hei pūtake nui o te pokanoa i roto i ngā tono auau-iti. Ko te haruru 1/f me te haruru whānui e ahu mai ana i te haruru ngaohiko o te whakakaha whakahaere i roto i te photodetector. He maha atu ngā pūtake haruru e pā ana ki te haruru o ngā photodetector, pērā i te haruru hiko o ngā whakakaha whakahaere, te haruru iahiko, me te haruru wera o te whatunga ātete i roto i te whakanui o ngā ara iahiko whakakaha whakahaere.

3. Te haruru o te ngaohiko me te au o te whakakaha whakahaere: Kei te whakaatuhia ngā kiato hihi o te ngaohiko me te au i te pikitia e whai ake nei:

I roto i ngā ara iahiko whakakaha mahi, ka wehea te haruru iahiko ki te haruru iahiko ā-wāhanga me te haruru iahiko hurihuri. Ka rere te haruru iahiko ā-wāhanga i+ mā te ātete ā-roto pūtake Rs, ka puta he haruru ngaohiko ōrite u1= i+*Rs. Ka rere te haruru iahiko hurihuri I- mā te ātete ōrite whakanui R hei whakaputa haruru ngaohiko ōrite u2= I-* R. Nō reira, ina nui te RS o te pūtake hiko, he tino nui hoki te haruru ngaohiko i hurihia mai i te haruru iahiko. Nō reira, hei arotau mō te haruru pai ake, ko te haruru pūtake hiko (tae atu ki te ātete ā-roto) he huarahi matua hoki mō te arotau. Kāore te kiato ā-ira o te haruru iahiko e rerekē me ngā rerekētanga auau. Nō reira, i muri i te whakanuia e te ara iahiko, ka rite ki te iahiko pōuri o te photodiode, ka hanga whānuitia te haruru pupuhi o te photodetector.

4. Ka taea te tatau i te haruru wera o te whatunga ātete mō te whakanui (tauwehe whakanui) o te ara iahiko whakakaha mahi mā te whakamahi i te tātai e whai ake nei:

I roto i a rātou:

k: Pūmau Boltzmann (1.38 × 10-23J/K)

T: Te Pāmahana Tino (K)

R: E pā ana te haruru wera ātete (ohms) ki te pāmahana me te uara ātete, ā, he papatahi tōna whānuitanga. Ka kitea mai i te tātai, ko te nui ake o te uara ātete whakanui, ko te nui ake o te haruru wera. Ko te nui ake o te whānui o te awhe, ko te nui ake hoki o te haruru wera. Nō reira, kia tutuki ai te uara ātete me te uara whānui i ngā whakaritenga whakanui me ngā whakaritenga whānui, ā, i te mutunga, me tono hoki kia iti te haruru, kia teitei rānei te ōwehenga tohu-ki-haruru, me āta whakaaro me te aromatawai i te kōwhiringa o ngā ātete whakanui i runga i ngā whakaritenga o te kaupapa tuturu kia tutuki ai te ōwehenga tohu-ki-haruru pai rawa atu o te pūnaha.

Whakarāpopototanga

He mea nui te hangarau whakapai ake i te haruru ki te whakarei ake i te mahi a ngā taputapu whakaahua me ngā taputapu hiko. Ko te tikanga o te tino tika he iti te haruru. I te mea e hiahiatia ana e te hangarau he tino tika, kei te piki haere hoki ngā whakaritenga mō te haruru, te ōwehenga tohu-ki-haruru, me te mana haruru ōrite o ngā taputapu whakaahua.