Ko te tikanga o te reera he tukanga me te taputapu mō te whakaputa i ngā hihi mārama honohono, kotahi te tae, he ōrite mā te whakanui i te irahiko whakaoho me te urupare e tika ana. Ko te tikanga, e toru ngā wāhanga e hiahiatia ana mō te whakaputa reera: he "whakaohooho", he "waenga whakanui", me te "pūtake papu".
A. Mātāpono
Ka taea te wehewehe i te āhua nekehanga o te ngota ki ngā taumata pūngao rerekē, ā, ina neke te ngota mai i te taumata pūngao teitei ki te taumata pūngao iti, ka tukuna e ia ngā photon o te pūngao e rite ana (e kiia ana ko te irahiko tūpono). Waihoki, ina pā mai te photon ki tētahi pūnaha taumata pūngao, ā, ka mimitia e ia, ka meinga te ngota kia neke mai i te taumata pūngao iti ki te taumata pūngao teitei (e kiia ana ko te mimiti whakahihiri); Kātahi, ko ētahi o ngā ngota e neke ana ki ngā taumata pūngao teitei ake ka neke ki ngā taumata pūngao iti ake, ā, ka tukuna ngā photon (e kiia ana ko te irahiko whakaoho). Kāore ēnei nekehanga e puta takitahi, engari he maha ngā wā ka puta i te wā kotahi. Ina hangaia e tātou he āhuatanga, pērā i te whakamahi i te reo tika, te resonator, te mara hiko o waho e ranea ana, ka whakanuia te irahiko whakaoho kia nui ake i te mimiti whakaoho, kātahi ka tukuna ngā photon, ka hua ake te māramatanga laser.
B. Whakarōpūtanga
E ai ki te reo e whakaputa ana i te taiaho, ka taea te wehewehe i te taiaho ki te taiaho wai, te taiaho hau me te taiaho totoka. Ko te taiaho haurua-ā-ira tino noa ko te momo taiaho totoka.
C. Te Hanganga
Ko te nuinga o ngā taiaho he mea tito ki ngā wāhanga e toru: te pūnaha whakaoho, te rauemi taiaho me te kaiwhakaoho whatu. Ko ngā pūnaha whakaoho he taputapu e whakaputa ana i te mārama, te hiko, te matū rānei. I tēnei wā, ko ngā tikanga whakaoho matua e whakamahia ana ko te mārama, te hiko, te tauhohenga matū rānei. Ko ngā matū taiaho he matū ka taea te whakaputa i te mārama taiaho, pērā i te rupi, te karāhe beryllium, te hau neon, ngā haurua-ira, ngā tae waro, me ētahi atu. Ko te mahi a te whakahaere i te whakaoho whatu ko te whakarei ake i te kanapa o te taiaho putanga, te whakarite me te whiriwhiri i te roangaru me te ahunga o te taiaho.
D. Tono
He whānui te whakamahinga o te taiaho, te nuinga o te whakawhitiwhiti muka, te hora taiaho, te tapahi taiaho, ngā patu taiaho, te kōpae taiaho me ērā atu.
Hītori E.
I te tau 1958, i kitea e ngā kaipūtaiao o Amerika, a Xiaoluo rāua ko Townes, tētahi āhuatanga makutu: i te wā i whakatakotoria ai te mārama e tukuna ana e te pūrama rama o roto ki runga i tētahi tioata whenua onge, ka tukuna e ngā ngota o te tioata he mārama kanapa, he mārama kaha tonu. E ai ki tēnei āhuatanga, i whakaarohia e rāua te "mātāpono laser", arā, ina whakaohokia te matū e te kaha ōrite ki te auau wiri taiao o ōna ngota, ka puta he mārama kaha kāore e wehe - he laser. I kitea e rāua he tuhinga nui mō tēnei.
I muri i te whakaputanga o ngā hua rangahau a Sciolo rāua ko Townes, i whakaarohia e ngā kaipūtaiao o ngā whenua rerekē ngā kaupapa whakamātautau, engari kāore i angitu. I te 15 o Mei, 1960, i kī a Mayman, he kaipūtaiao i te Hughes Laboratory i California, kua whiwhi ia i tētahi taiaho me te roanga ngaru o te 0.6943 microns, koinei te taiaho tuatahi i whiwhihia e te tangata, ā, nō reira ko Mayman te kaipūtaiao tuatahi o te ao ki te whakauru i ngā taiaho ki te mara mahi.
I te 7 o Hūrae, 1960, i panuitia e Mayman te whānautanga o te laser tuatahi o te ao, ko te kaupapa a Mayman he whakamahi i tētahi ngongo uira kaha-teitei hei whakaoho i ngā ngota chromium i roto i te karaihe rupi, ā, ka puta he pou rama whero angiangi tino kukū, ina tahuna ki tētahi wāhi, ka taea e ia te eke ki tētahi pāmahana teitei ake i te mata o te rā.
I hangaia e te kaipūtaiao Sōviete a H.Γ Basov te rēseri haurua-ira i te tau 1960. Ko te hanganga o te rēseri haurua-ira he mea tito mai i te paparanga P, te paparanga N me te paparanga hohe e hanga ana i te hononga takirua. Ko ōna āhuatanga: he iti te rahi, he pai te hononga, he tere te urupare, he rite te roangaru me te rahi ki te rahi muka whatu, ka taea te whakarerekē tika, he pai te hononga.
Ono, ko ētahi o ngā aronga tono matua o te taiaho
F. Te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero taiaho
He mea noa te whakamahi i te mārama hei tuku kōrero i ēnei rā. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia e ngā kaipuke ngā rama hei whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ā, ka whakamahia e ngā rama huarahi te whero, te kōwhai, me te kakariki. Engari ko ēnei huarahi katoa mō te tuku kōrero mā te whakamahi i te mārama noa ka taea anake te whakawhāiti ki ngā tawhiti poto. Ki te hiahia koe ki te tuku kōrero tika ki ngā wāhi tawhiti mā te mārama, kāore e taea te whakamahi i te mārama noa, engari me whakamahi noa i ngā taiaho.
Nā, me pēhea te tuku i te rēseri? E mōhio ana tātou ka taea te kawe i te hiko mā roto i ngā waea parahi, engari kāore e taea te kawe i te mārama mā roto i ngā waea whakarewa noa. Hei whakatutuki i tēnei, kua whakawhanakehia e ngā kaipūtaiao he miro ka taea te tuku mārama, e kiia nei ko te muka whatu, e kiia nei ko te muka. He mea hanga te muka whatu ki ngā rauemi karāhe motuhake, he angiangi ake te whānui i te makawe tangata, he 50 ki te 150 maikorona te nuinga, ā, he tino ngohengohe.
Ina hoki, ko te uho o roto o te muka he karāhe whatu mārama, he teitei te taupū whakaata, ā, ko te paninga o waho he karāhe iti te taupū whakaata, he kirihou rānei. I tētahi taha, ka taea e tēnei hanganga te huri i te mārama i te uho o roto, pērā i te wai e rere ana i mua i roto i te paipa wai, te hiko e tukuna ana i mua i roto i te waea, ahakoa kāore he pānga o ngā mano tini o ngā takahuri. I tētahi atu taha, ka taea e te paninga iti te taupū whakaata te ārai i te turuturu o te mārama, pērā i te korenga o te paipa wai e mimiti, me te korenga o te paparanga ārai o te waea e kawe hiko.
Mā te āhua o te muka whatu ka ea te huarahi tuku mārama, engari kāore i te kī ka taea te tuku mārama ki tawhiti. Ko te kanapa teitei anake, te tae parakore, te arataki pai o te reera te pūtake mārama tino pai hei tuku mōhiohio, ka whakaurua mai i tetahi pito o te muka, tata kore he ngaronga, ka puta mai i tetahi pito. Nō reira, ko te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero whatu he whakawhitiwhiti kōrero reera, he painga o te kaha nui, te kounga teitei, te whānui o ngā rauemi, te kaha o te muna, te roa, me ētahi atu, ā, e whakanuia ana e ngā kaipūtaiao he hurihanga i roto i te ao whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ā, ko tētahi o ngā whakatutukitanga tino kanapa o te hurihanga hangarau.
Wā tuku: Pipiri-29-2023