He tirohanga whānui mō ngā whatu rārangi me ngā whatu kore rārangi

He tirohanga whānui mō ngā whatu rārangi me ngā whatu kore rārangi

I runga i te taunekeneke o te mārama me te matū, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā whatu ki ngā whatu rārangi (LO) me ngā whatu kore-rārangi (NLO). Ko ngā whatu rārangi (LO) te tūāpapa o ngā whatu tawhito, e aro ana ki ngā taunekeneke rārangi o te mārama. He rerekē, ka puta ngā whatu kore-rārangi (NLO) ina kore te kaha o te mārama e ōrite tika ki te urupare whatu o te rauemi, inā koa i raro i ngā āhuatanga kanapa nui, pērā i ngā taiaho.

Ngā Tirohanga Raina (LO)
I roto i te LO, ka taunekeneke te mārama me te mea i ngā kaha iti, ko te tikanga kotahi te photon mō ia ngota, mō ia ngota rānei. Ko te hua o tēnei taunekeneke he iti noa te whakapōturitanga o te āhua ngota, ngota rānei, ka noho tonu ki tōna āhua tūturu, kāore e whakakorikoria. Ko te mātāpono taketake i roto i te LO ko te dipole i puta mai i te papa hiko he rite tonu ki te kaha o te papa. Nō reira, ka tutuki i te LO ngā mātāpono o te superposition me te additivity. E kī ana te mātāpono superposition ina tukuna he pūnaha ki ngā ngaru hiko maha, ka rite te urupare katoa ki te tapeke o ngā urupare takitahi ki ia ngaru. Waihoki, e whakaatu ana te Additivity ka taea te whakatau i te urupare whānui o tētahi pūnaha whatu matatini mā te whakakotahi i ngā urupare o ōna huānga takitahi. Ko te tikanga o te linearity i roto i te LO he pumau te whanonga mārama i te mea ka huri te kaha - he rite te putanga ki te whakauru. Hei tāpiri, i roto i te LO, kāore he ranunga auau, nō reira ka mau tonu te auau o te mārama e haere ana i roto i taua pūnaha ahakoa ka whakanuia, ka whakarerekētia rānei. Ko ngā tauira o te LO ko te taunekeneke o te mārama me ngā huānga whatu taketake pēnei i ngā karāhe, ngā whakaata, ngā pereti ngaru, me ngā whatu diffraction.

Ngā Tirohanga Kore-Raina (NLO)
He rerekē te NLO nā tōna urupare kore-raina ki te mārama kaha, inā koa i raro i ngā āhuatanga kaha teitei ina kore te putanga e ōrite ki te kaha whakauru. I roto i te NLO, ka taunekeneke ngā photon maha ki te rauemi i te wā kotahi, ka hua ake te ranunga o te mārama me ngā huringa o te taupū whakaata. Kāore i rite ki te LO, ina noho rite tonu te whanonga mārama ahakoa te kaha, ka kitea noa ngā pānga kore-raina i ngā kaha mārama tino nui. I tēnei kaha, kāore e whai mana ngā ture e whakahaere ana i ngā taunekeneke mārama, pērā i te mātāpono taupatupatu, ā, ka taea e te korehau te whanonga kore-raina. Ko te kore-raina i roto i te taunekeneke i waenga i te mārama me te matū ka taea te taunekeneke i waenga i ngā auau mārama rerekē, ka hua ake ngā āhuatanga pērā i te whakaputanga harmonic, me te whakaputanga auau tapeke me te rerekētanga. Hei tāpiri, kei roto i ngā whatu kore-raina ngā tukanga tawhā e tohatohahia ana te kaha mārama hei whakaputa auau hou, e kitea ana i roto i te whakanui tawhā me te oscillation. Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga nui ko te whakarerekētanga-wāhanga-ake, e whakarerekētia ana te wāhanga o te ngaru mārama e tōna ake kaha - he pānga e whai wāhi nui ana ki te whakawhitiwhiti whatu.

Ngā taunekeneke mārama-matū i roto i ngā whatu rārangi me ngā whatu kore-rārangi
I roto i te LO, ina taunekeneke te mārama me tētahi rauemi, he rite tonu te urupare a te rauemi ki te kaha o te mārama. He rerekē, ko te NLO e pā ana ki ngā rauemi e urupare ana ehara i te mea ki te kaha o te mārama anake, engari ki ngā huarahi uaua ake. Ina pā te mārama kaha-nui ki tētahi rauemi kore-raina, ka taea e ia te whakaputa tae hou, te whakarerekē rānei i te mārama i ngā huarahi rerekē. Hei tauira, ka taea te huri i te mārama whero ki te mārama kakariki nā te mea he nui atu i te huringa ōrite te urupare a te rauemi – ka uru pea ki te whakarea auau, ki ētahi atu taunekeneke uaua rānei. Ka hua ake tēnei whanonga i tētahi huinga pānga whatu uaua kāore e kitea i roto i ngā rauemi raina noa.

Ngā tono o ngā tikanga whatu raina me te kore raina
Ka hipokina e te LO te whānuitanga o ngā hangarau whatu e whakamahia whānuitia ana, tae atu ki ngā karāhe, ngā whakaata, ngā pereti ngaru, me ngā whatu whakarara. Ka whakaratohia he anga māmā me te taea te tatau hei mārama ki te whanonga o te mārama i roto i te nuinga o ngā pūnaha whatu. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā nekehanga ā-wāhanga me ngā wehewehe hihi i roto i te LO, ā, kua whanake te mara ki te wāhi kua rongonui haere ngā ara iahiko LO. Inaianei kua kitea ēnei ara iahiko hei taputapu maha-mahi, me ngā tono i roto i ngā wāhi pēnei i te tukatuka tohu whatu ngaruiti me te tukatuka tohu whatu kuantum me ngā hoahoa rorohiko bioheuristic hou. He mea hou te NLO, ā, kua whakarerekē i ngā mara maha mā roto i ōna tono kanorau. I roto i te mara o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, he mahi nui tāna i roto i ngā pūnaha muka whatu, e pā ana ki ngā rohe tuku raraunga i te mea ka piki ake te mana o te laser. Ka whai hua ngā taputapu tātari mai i te NLO mā roto i ngā tikanga karuārai matatau pēnei i te karuārai confocal, e whakarato ana i te whakaahua taumira teitei, ā-rohe. Ka whakarei ake hoki te NLO i ngā laser mā te whakahohe i te whanaketanga o ngā laser hou me te whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga whatu. Kua whakapai ake hoki i ngā tikanga whakaahua whatu mō te whakamahinga rongoā mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pēnei i te whakaputanga tuarua-haumāori me te fluorescence rua-photon. I roto i te biophotonics, ka āwhina te NLO i te whakaahua hohonu o ngā kiko me te iti o te kino, ā, ka whakaratohia he tapanga kore-matū koiora rerekē. He hangarau terahertz matatau kei roto i tēnei mara, e taea ai te whakaputa i ngā pāoro terahertz kotahi-wā kaha. I roto i ngā whatu matū, ka āwhina ngā pānga kore-raina i te whakawhitiwhiti matū mā te whakarite i ngā kaitahuri auau me ngā taurite photon e hono ana. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā mahi auaha a te NLO i roto i te marara Brillouin i āwhina i te tukatuka ngaruiti me te honohono ā-wāhanga mārama. I te nuinga, kei te pana tonu a NLO i ngā rohe o te hangarau me te rangahau puta noa i ngā momo marautanga.

Ngā whatu rārangi me ngā whatu kore rārangi me ō rātou pānga ki ngā hangarau matatau
He mahi nui tā ngā karu tirohanga i roto i ngā mahi o ia rā me ngā hangarau matatau. Ko te LO te pūtake mō ngā pūnaha karu tirohanga maha, ko te NLO ia te mea e akiaki ana i te auahatanga i roto i ngā wāhanga pēnei i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, te karu tirotiro, te hangarau laser, me te biophotonics. Kua nui te aro ki ngā whanaketanga hou o te NLO, inā koa e pā ana ki ngā rauemi rua-ahu, nā te mea ka taea te whakamahi i roto i ngā mahi ahumahi me ngā mahi pūtaiao. Kei te tūhuratia hoki e ngā kaipūtaiao ngā rauemi hou pēnei i ngā ira irahiko mā te tātari raupapa o ngā āhuatanga raina me te kore-raina. I te whanaketanga o te rangahau, he mea nui te māramatanga ngātahi o te LO me te NLO ki te pana i ngā rohe o te hangarau me te whakawhānui ake i ngā āheinga o te pūtaiao karu tirohanga.