I whakatakotohia te ariā o ngā whatu whakauru e Tākuta Miller o Bell Laboratories i te tau 1969. He kaupapa hou ngā whatu whakauru e ako ana, e whakawhanake ana hoki i ngā taputapu whatu me ngā pūnaha taputapu hiko whatu ranu mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakauru i runga i te optoelectronics me te microelectronics. Ko te kaupapa matua o ngā whatu whakauru ko ngā whatu me ngā optoelectronics, e uru ana ki ngā whatu ngaru me ngā whatu mōhiohio, ngā whatu kore-raina, ngā optoelectronics haurua-ira, ngā whatu karaihe, ngā whatu kiriata angiangi, ngā whatu ngaru ārahi, te ariā taunekeneke aratau hono me te parametric, ngā taputapu me ngā pūnaha arataki ngaru whatu kiriata angiangi. Ko te kaupapa matua o te hangarau ko te hangarau kiriata angiangi me te hangarau microelectronics. He whānui rawa te mara tono o ngā whatu whakauru, hei tāpiri atu ki te whakawhitiwhiti muka whatu, te hangarau arokite muka whatu, te tukatuka mōhiohio whatu, te rorohiko whatu me te rokiroki whatu, kei reira ētahi atu mara, pērā i te rangahau pūtaiao rauemi, ngā taputapu whatu, te rangahau hihi.
Tuatahi, ngā painga whatu whakauru
1. Te whakataurite ki ngā pūnaha taputapu whatu motuhake
Ko te taputapu whatu motuhake he momo taputapu whatu e mau ana ki runga i tētahi papa nui, i tētahi turanga whatu rānei hei hanga i tētahi pūnaha whatu. Ko te rahi o te pūnaha he tata ki te 1m2, ā, ko te matotoru o te hihi he tata ki te 1cm. Haunga tōna rahi nui, he uaua ake te huihui me te whakarite. Ko ngā painga o te pūnaha whatu whakauru e whai ake nei:
1. Ka horapa ngā ngaru mārama i roto i ngā arataki ngaru whatu, ā, he ngāwari ki te whakahaere me te pupuri i te pūngao o ngā ngaru mārama.
2. Mā te whakaurunga ka pumau te tūnga. E ai ki te kōrero i runga ake nei, e tumanako ana ngā karu whatu whakauru ki te hanga i ētahi taputapu i runga i te papa kotahi, nō reira kāore he raruraru huihuinga e pā ana ki ngā karu whatu motuhake, kia pumau ai te whakakotahitanga, kia ngāwari ake ai te urutau ki ngā āhuatanga taiao pēnei i te wiri me te pāmahana.
(3) Kua whakapotohia te rahi o te taputapu me te roa o te taunekeneke; Ka mahi hoki ngā hikohiko e pā ana ki ngā ngaohiko iti iho.
4. Te mātotoru o te mana. Ko te mārama e tukuna ana i te arataki ngaru ka herea ki tētahi wāhi iti o te rohe, ka hua ake he mātotoru mana whatu teitei, e ngāwari ai te tae atu ki ngā paepae whakahaere e hiahiatia ana me te mahi me ngā pānga whatu kore-raina.
5. Ko ngā whatu whakauru ka whakauruhia ki runga i tētahi papa henimita te rahi, he iti te rahi, he māmā hoki.
2. Te whakataurite ki ngā ara iahiko whakauru
E rua ngā painga o te whakaurunga whatu, ko tētahi he whakakapi i te pūnaha hiko whakauru (porowhita whakauru) ki te pūnaha whatu whakauru (porowhita whatu whakauru); ko tētahi e pā ana ki te muka whatu me te arataki ngaru whatu papa hikohiko e ārahi ana i te ngaru mārama hei utu mō te waea, te taura coaxial rānei hei tuku i te tohu.
I roto i tētahi ara whatu whakauru, ka hangaia ngā huānga whatu ki runga i tētahi papa angiangi, ā, ka honoa mā roto i ngā arai ngaru whatu i hangaia ki roto, ki runga rānei i te mata o te papa. Ko te ara whatu whakauru, e whakauru ana i ngā huānga whatu ki runga i te papa kotahi i roto i te āhua o te kiriata angiangi, he huarahi nui hei whakaoti i te whakaitiiti o te pūnaha whatu taketake me te whakapai ake i te mahi whānui. He painga o te taputapu whakauru ko te iti o te rahi, te mahi pumau me te pono, te pai o te mahi, te iti o te whakapaunga hiko me te ngāwari o te whakamahi.
I te nuinga o te wā, ko ngā painga o te whakakapi i ngā ara iahiko whakauru ki ngā ara iahiko whatu whakauru ko te whakanui ake i te whānui o te hononga, te whakarea wehewehe roangaru, te whakawhiti maha, te iti o te ngaronga hononga, te iti o te rahi, te mama, te iti o te whakamahinga hiko, te pai o te penapena i te whakarite puranga, me te pono teitei. Nā ngā taunekeneke rerekē i waenga i te mārama me te matū, ka taea hoki te whakatutuki i ngā mahi taputapu hou mā te whakamahi i ngā momo pānga ā-tinana pēnei i te pānga whakaahua-hiko, te pānga hiko-whatu, te pānga acousto-whatu, te pānga magneto-whatu, te pānga thermo-whatu me ētahi atu i roto i te hanganga o te ara whatu whakauru.
2. Te rangahau me te whakamahinga o ngā whatu whakauru
E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā karu whatu whakauru i roto i ngā momo mara pēnei i te ahumahi, te ope taua me te ōhanga, engari e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ēnei āhuatanga e whai ake nei:
1. Ngā whatunga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te whatu
Ko ngā taputapu whatu whakauru ko ngā taputapu matua hei whakatutuki i ngā whatunga whakawhitiwhiti whatu tere-teitei me te kaha nui, tae atu ki te pūtake taiaho urupare-tere-teitei, te whakarea wehewehe roangaru kikī, te kite whakaahua urupare-whaiti, te kaitahuri roangaru ara, te whāriki whakawhiti whatu urupare-tere, te wehewehe hihi ara maha urunga-maha ngaronga iti, me ētahi atu.
2. Rorohiko whakaahua
Ko te rorohiko photon e kiia nei ko te rorohiko e whakamahi ana i te mārama hei reo tuku mōhiohio. Ko ngā photon he boson, kāore he utu hiko, ā, ka taea e ngā hihi mārama te whiti whakarara, te whiti rānei me te kore e pā tetahi ki tetahi, ā, he kaha ā-roto tēnei ki te tukatuka whakarara nui. He painga anō hoki tō te rorohiko photonic, arā, he nui te kaha rokiroki mōhiohio, he kaha ki te ārai i ngā pokanoa, he iti ngā whakaritenga mō ngā āhuatanga taiao, ā, he kaha hoki ki te manawanui ki ngā hapa. Ko ngā wāhanga mahi tino taketake o ngā rorohiko photonic ko ngā pana whatu whakauru me ngā wāhanga arorau whatu whakauru.
3. Ētahi atu whakamahinga, pērā i te tukatuka mōhiohio whatu, te pūoko muka whatu, te pūoko whatu muka, te wiri muka whatu, me ētahi atu.
Wā tuku: Pipiri-28-2023